Reflection On Two Essays

The two essays, ¨The Moral Equivalent of War¨ by William James and the discussion about whether ¨real men¨ can thrive in a peaceful society, explore how masculinity, war, and society are connected. Both ask an important question: can the energy and toughness that come from war be redirected toward something positive in a world without violence?

In his essay, James talks about how war has shaped human nature and society. He explains that people have inherited a love of fighting, glory, and discipline from their ancestors, who survived through struggle. War, he argues has brought out qualities like bravery, teamwork, and endurance. However, James wants to find a way to keep these ¨manly virtues¨ without the destruction of war. He suggests creating a ¨moral equivalent of war¨, where young people are required to do tough jobs like mining, construction, all this in harsh conditions. These tasks would teach them discipline, hard work, and a sense of pride, just like the military does, but without the violence. James believes this could preserve the positive aspects of war while helping society move toward lasting peace.

The second essay focuses on how masculinity changed during the Industrial Revolution, when the middle/high class (The ¨Bourgeois¨) became more important. Men’s roles became less physical and more about office work and family life. This created a new kind of man who was seen as soft and less exciting compared to the rugged, brave men of the past. At the same time this shift brought safety and comfort, it also led to dissatisfaction. The essay points out that some people still admire hyper-masculine traits, like physical strength and boldness, but warns that unchecked masculinity can lead to problems like violence, gangs, and authoritarianism. It asks whether men can channel their natural aggression in healthy ways or if war and conflict will always be part of human life.

Both essays agree that masculinity often thrives in conflict and challenge. James offers a hopeful solution by suggesting hard civilian work as a substitute for war, while the second essay highlights the risk of ignoring or suppressing masculine energy. The essay also mentions how sports, like boxing have been used as an outlet for aggression, but it questions whether these can fully replace the excitement of war.

In the end, both essays remind us that masculinity is a complex part of human nature. Instead of trying to eliminate the traits that come from war, they suggest we should find ways to canalize them into activities that build society. James and the second essay agree: toughness and strength can exist without violence, but it will take creativity and effort to achieve this balance. The challenge is finding a path where men can grow, stay true to themselves, and contribute to a peaceful world.